Bowlby Theory, Attachment Therapy and Child Abuse: Part III - Notes & Bibliography

Notes & Bibliography

Main Sources:

The Lancet

Wikipedia

International Journal of Psychoanalysis

British Association of Play Therapy Journal

SAGE Child Language Teaching & Therapy

Australia & New Zealand Journal of Child & Family Therapy

Journal of Child and Adolescent Group Therapy

O’Connor TG, Zeanah CH (2003), “Attachment disorders: assessment strategies and treatment approaches”, Attach Hum Dev 5 (3): 223–44,

Ziv Y (2005), “Attachment-Based Intervention Programs: Implications for Attachment Theory and Research”, in Berlin LJ, Ziv Y, Amaya-Jackson L, Greenberg MT, Enhancing Early Attachments. Theory, Research, Intervention and Policy, Duke series in child development and public policy, Guilford Press

Berlin LJ et. al. (2005), “Preface”, in Berlin LJ, Ziv Y, Amaya-Jackson L, Greenberg MT, Enhancing Early Attachments: Theory, Research, Intervention and Policy, Duke series in child development and public policy, Guilford Press

ATTACh White paper on coercion, ATTACh, 2007, retrieved 2008-03-16

Welch MG (September 1989), Holding Time: How to Eliminate Conflict, Temper Tantrums, and Sibling Rivalry and Raise Happy, Loving, Successful Children, foreword by Niko Tinbergen, New York: Simon & Schuster

Welch MG, Northrup RS, Welch-Horan TB, Ludwig RJ, Austin CL, Jacobson JS (2006), “Outcomes of Prolonged Parent-Child Embrace Therapy among 102 children with behavioral disorders.”, Complement Ther Clin Pract 12 (1): 3–12, doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2005.09.004, PMID 16401524

Mercer J (2005), “Coercive Restraint Therapies: A dangerous alternative mental health intervention”, Medscape General Medicine 7 (3)

Advocates for Children in therapy, What is Attachment Therapy, retrieved 2008-09-17, “Z-therapy, rage-reduction therapy, Theraplay, holding therapy, attachment holding therapy, attachment disorder therapy, holding time, cuddle time, gentle containment, holding-nurturing process, emotional shuttling, direct synchronous bonding, breakthrough synchronous bonding, therapeutic parenting, dynamic attachment therapy, humanistic attachment therapy, corrective attachment therapy, developmental attachment therapy, dyadic attachment therapy, dyadic developmental psychotherapy, dyadic support environment, affective attunement”

Advocates for Children in therapy, What is Attachment Therapy, retrieved 2008-09-17

Speltz ML (2002), “Description, History and Critique of Corrective Attachment Therapy” (PDF), The APSAC Advisor 14 (3): 4–8, retrieved 2008-03-16

Advocates for Children in therapy, Abusive Techniques, retrieved 2008-09-17

 Thomas N (2000), “Parenting children with attachment disorders”, in Levy TM, Handbook of attachment interventions, San Diego, CA: Academic

Cline FW (1992), Hope for High Risk and Rage Filled Children: Reactive Attachment Disorder: Theory and Intrusive Therapy, Golden, CO: EC Publications

Hage D (1997), “Holding therapy: Harmful? Or rather beneficial!”, Roots and Wings Adoption Magazine

Haugaard JJ (2004), “Recognizing and treating uncommon behavioral and emotional disorders in children and adolescents who have been severely maltreated: introduction”, Child Maltreat 9 (2): 123–30

Nichols M, Lacher D, May J (2002), Parenting with stories: creating a foundation of attachment for parenting your child, Deephaven, MN: Family Attachment Counseling Center

Boris NW, Zeanah CH, Work Group on Quality Issues (2005), “Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with reactive attachment disorder of infancy and early childhood” (PDF), J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44 (11): 1206–19

Randolph E (2001), Broken hearts, wounded minds, Evergreen, CO: RFR Publications

Dozier M (September 2003), “Attachment-based treatment for vulnerable children”, Attach Hum Dev 5 (3): 253–7

Zaslow R, Menta M (1975), The psychology of the Z-process: Attachment and activity, San Jose, CA: San Jose University Press

Task Force Report, Chaffin et. al., “Many of the controversial attachment therapies have promulgated quite broad and nonspecific lists of symptoms purported to indicate when a child has an attachment disorder. For example, Reber (1996) provided a table that lists “common symptoms of RAD.” The list includes problems or symptoms across multiple domains (social, emotional, behavioral and developmental) and ranges from DSM-IV criteria for RAD (e.g., superficial interactions with others, indiscriminate affection toward strangers, and lack of affection toward parents), to nonspecific behavior problems including destructive behaviors; developmental lags; refusal to make eye contact; cruelty to animals and siblings; lack of cause and effect thinking; preoccupation with fire, blood, and gore; poor peer relationships; stealing; lying; lack of a conscience; persistent nonsense questions or incessant chatter; poor impulse control; abnormal speech patterns; fighting for control over everything; and hoarding or gorging on food. Others have promulgated checklists that suggest that among infants, “prefers dad to mom” or “wants to hold the bottle as soon as possible” are indicative of attachment problems (Buenning, 1999). Clearly, these lists of nonspecific problems extend far beyond the diagnostic criteria for RAD and beyond attachment relationship problems in general. These types of lists are so nonspecific that high rates of false-positive diagnoses are virtually certain. Posting these types of lists on internet sites that also serve as marketing tools may lead many parents or others to conclude inaccurately that their children have attachment disorders”

“Some proponents have claimed that research exists that supports their methods, or that their methods are evidence based, or are even the sole evidence-based approach in existence, yet these proponents provide no citations to credible scientific research sufficient to support these claims (Becker-Weidman, n.d.-b). This Task Force was unable to locate any methodologically adequate clinical trials in the published peer-reviewed scientific literature to support any of these claims for effectiveness, let alone claims that these treatments are the only effective available approaches.”

Randolph EM (1996), Randolph Attachment Disorder Questionnaire, Institute for Attachment, Evergreen CO

Cappelletty G, Brown M, Shumate S (February 2005), “Correlates of the Randolph Attachment Disorder Questionnaire (RADQ) in a Sample of Children in Foster Placement”, Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 22 , “The findings showed that children in foster care have reported symptoms within the range typical of children not involved in foster care. The conclusion is that the RADQ has limited usefulness due to its lack of specificity with implications for treatment of children in foster care”

Mercer J (Fall ~ Winter 2002), “Attachment Therapy: A Treatment without Empirical Support”, The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice SRMHP Home 1 (2)

Mercer J (2005), “Coercive restraint therapies: a dangerous alternative mental health intervention”, MedGenMed 7 (3)

Boris NW, Zeanah CH (1999), “Disturbance and disorders of attachment in infancy: An overview”, Infant Mental Health Journal 20: 1–9,

Crossman P, The Etiology of a Social Epidemic, Skeptic Report, retrieved 2008-10-19

ATTACh Position Statement Regarding Coercive Treatment, ATTACh, 2003, retrieved 2008-03-16

BAAF Position Statement 4 (PDF), Attachment Disorders, their Assessment and Intervention/Treatment, retrieved 2008-10-19

The Executive Secretary of the Board of Medical Examiners of the State of California (1971) (PDF), Accusation against Zaslow, retrieved 2008-10-19

Tinbergen N, Tinbergen EA (1983), Autistic children: New hope for a cure, London: Allen & Unwin

Bishop DVM (January 2008), “Forty years on: Uta Frith’s contribution to research on autism and dyslexia, 1966-2006., The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 61 (1): 16–26

Erickson MH (1961), “The identification of a secure reality”, Family Process 1 (2): 294–303

Shermer M (June 2004), “Death by theory”, Scientific American, retrieved 2008-02-12

Bowlby J (1998), A Secure Base: Clinical Application of Attachment Theory (A Tavistock professional book), London: Routledge, pp. 269

O’Connor TG; Zeanah CH (eds) (September 2003), “Special Issue: Current perspectives on assessment and treatment of attachment disorders”, Attachment & Human Development 5 (3)

Lilienfeld SO (2007), “Psychological treatments that cause harm”, Perspectives on Psychological Science 2: 53–70

Dozier M and Rutter M (2008), “Challenges to the Development of Attachment Relationships Faced by Young Children in Foster and Adoptive Care”, in Cassidy J and Shaver PR, Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research and Clinical Applications (2nd ed.), New York: London: Guilford Press

Myeroff R, Mertlich G, Gross J (1999), “Comparative effectiveness of holding therapy with aggressive children”, Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 29 (4): 303–13

Becker-Weidman A (April 2006), “Treatment for Children with Trauma-Attachment Disorders: Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy”, Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 23 (2): 147–171

Howe D, Fearnley S (2003), “Disorders of attachment in adopted and fostered children: Recognition and treatment”, Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 8: 369–387

Chaffin M, Hanson R, Saunders BE (2006), “Reply to Letters”, Child Maltreat 11: 381,  retrieved 2008-10-19, “

1. Holding a child and confronting him/her with anger.

2. Holding a child to provoke a negative emotional response.

3. Holding a child until s/he complies with a demand.

4. Hitting a child.

5. Poking a child on any part of his/her body to get a response.

6. Pressing against “pressure points” to get a response.

7. Covering a child’s mouth/nose with one’s hand to get a response.

8. Making a child repeatedly kick with his/her legs until s/he responds.

9. Wrapping a child in a blanket and lying on top of him/her.

10. Any actions based on power/submission, done repeatedly, until the child complies.

11. Any actions that utilize shame and fear to elicit compliance.

12. “Firing” a child from treatment because s/he is not compliant.

13. Punishing a child at home for being “fired” from treatment.

14. Sarcasm, such as saying “sad for you”, when the adult actually feels no empathy.

15. Laughing at a child over the consequences which are being given for his behavior.

16. Labeling the child as a “boarder” rather than as one’s child.

17. “German shepherd training,” which bases the relationship on total obedience.

18. Depriving a child of any of the basic necessities, for example, food or sleep.

19. Blaming the child for one’s own rage at the child.

20. Interpreting the child’s behaviors as meaning that “s/he does not want to be part of the family”, which then elicits consequences such as:

A. Being sent away to live until s/he complies.

B. Being put in a tent in the yard until s/he complies.

C. Having to live in his/her bedroom until s/he complies.

D. Having to eat in the basement/on the floor until s/he complies.

E. Having “peanut butter” meals until s/he complies.

F. Having to sit motionless until s/he complies. (Hughes, 2002, n.p.)”

Hughes D (2004), “An attachment-based treatment of maltreated children and young people.”

Saunders BE, Berliner L, Hanson RF (April 26, 2004) (PDF), Child Physical and Sexual Abuse: Guidelines for Treatment, Revised Report, Charleston, SC: National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, “

Category 1: Well-supported, efficacious treatment;

Category 2: Supported and probably efficacious;

Category 3: Supported and acceptable;

Category 4: Promising and acceptable;

Category 5: Novel and experimental; and

Category 6: Concerning treatment”

Craven P, Lee R (2006), “Therapeutic Interventions for Foster Children: A Systematic Research Synthesis”, Research on Social Work Practice 16 (3): 287–304

Becker-Weidman A (2004), Dyadic developmental psychotherapy: An effective treatment for children with trauma-attachment disorders, Center for Family Development, retrieved 2005–05–10 

Pignotti M, Mercer J (2007), “Holding Therapy and Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy are not supported and acceptable social work interventions: A systematic research synthesis revisited”, Research on Social Work Practice 17 (4): 513–519

Lee RE, Craven P (2007), “Reply to Pignotti and Mercer: Holding Therapy and Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy are not supported and acceptable social work interventions”, Research on Social Work Practice 17 (4): 520–521

Boris NW (2003), “Attachment, aggression and holding: a cautionary tale”, Attach Hum Dev 5 (3): 245–7

Auge, Karen (2000), “Alternative therapies not new in Evergreen”, DenverPost.com, retrieved 2008-06-25

Scarcella, Michael A (17 May 2007), “Ciambrone convicted of murder, gets life”, Herald Tribune, retrieved 2008-06-18

Canellos, Peter S (17 April 1997), “Adoption ends in death, uproar Mother’s murder defense: Son, 2, harmed himself;”, Boston Globe (Boston, Mass.): A.1

Bowlby R and King P (2004). Fifty Years of Attachment Theory: Recollections of Donald Winnicott and John Bowlby. Karnac Books.

Bretherton I. “The Origins of Attachment Theory: John Bowlby and mary Ainsworth” (1992) Developmental Psychology vol.28, pp. 759-775

^ Wootton, B. (1962). “A Social Scientist’s Approach to Maternal Deprivation.” In Deprivation of Maternal Care: A Reassessment of its Effects. Geneva: World Health Organization, Public Health Papers, No. 14. pp. 255-266

Van der Horst FCP; Van der Veer R; Van IJzendoorn MH (2007). “John Bowlby and ethology: An annotated interview with Robert Hinde”. Attachment & Human Development 9 (4)

““When strangers meet”: John Bowlby and Harry Harlow on attachment behavior” (PDF). Integrative Psychological & Behavioral Science 42 Retrieved 2008-09-11.

Bowlby J (1995). Maternal Care and Mental Health. The master work series (2nd ed.). Northvale, NJ; London: Jason Aronson. [Geneva, World Health Organization, Monograph series no. 3].

Bowlby J (1976). Fry M (abridged & ed.). ed (Report, World Health Organisation, 1953 (above)). Child Care and the Growth of Love. Pelican books. Ainsworth MD (2 add. ch.) (2nd edn. ed.). London: Penguin Books

Bowlby J (1999). Attachment. Attachment and Loss (vol. 1) (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books.

Bowlby J (1973). Separation: Anxiety & Anger. Attachment and Loss (vol. 2); (International psycho-analytical library no.95). London: Hogarth Press.

Bowlby J (1980). Loss: Sadness & Depression. Attachment and Loss (vol. 3); (International psycho-analytical library no.109). London: Hogarth Press

Bowlby J (1988). A Secure Base: Parent-Child Attachment and Healthy Human Development. Tavistock professional book. London: Routledge.

Bretherton I (September 1992). “The origins of attachment theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth”. Developmental Psychology 28 (5): 759–775.

Holmes J (1993). John Bowlby and Attachment Theory. Makers of modern psychotherapy. London; New York: Routledge.

Van Dijken S (1998). John Bowlby: His Early Life: A Biographical Journey into the Roots of Attachment Theory. London; New York: Free Association Books.

Van Dijken S; Van der Veer R; Van IJzendoorn MH; Kuipers HJ (Summer 1998). “Bowlby before Bowlby: The sources of an intellectual departure in psychoanalysis and psychology”. Journal of the History of the Behavioural Sciences 34 (3): 247–269. Retrieved 2007-09-01.

Mayhew B (November 2006). “Between love and aggression: The politics of John Bowlby”. History of the Human Sciences 19 (4): 19–35.

Van der Horst FCP; Van der Veer R; Van IJzendoorn MH (2007). “John Bowlby and ethology: An annotated interview with Robert Hinde”. Attachment & Human Development 9 (4): 321–335. Retrieved 2007-11-30.

Van der Horst FCP; LeRoy HA; Van der Veer R (2008). ““When strangers meet”: John Bowlby and Harry Harlow on attachment behavior” (PDF). Integrative Psychological & Behavioral Science 42: 370. Retrieved 2008-09-11.

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[1] Van der Horst, Van der Veer & Van IJzendoorn, 2007, p. 321